Dingyao white glaze beacon care

Dingyao white glaze beacon care, Song, high 6.5 cm, diameter 8.6 cm, foot diameter 8.2 cm.
Beacon care on a cup-shaped, Kouyan without glaze, I asked copper inlay, Quanzu of charge-offs. Oxfam, the white glaze, and I asked Kouyan Cup decorated a paper each week.
This beacon modeling regular care, glaze Wenrun, simple decoration, a handsome and functional characteristics.

GUANYAO red and green color Ganoderma profile three-legged furnace

Ming Chenghua (Year 1465 - 1487) GUANYAO red and green color Ganoderma profile three-legged furnace
- 14 cm high
1994 Jingdezhen the Royal factory unearthed Guzhi Pearl Club
Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute of Archaeology
Straight neck, micro-Gufu, Lianger Huzhuang within a bend, Kouyan played two Xianwen, dog-shaped legs. , Mount white glaze. Choi Chanzhi decorative wall outside the margin of Ganoderma lucidum, fill the red and bauxite. Blue and white circle painted at the end of double-double of the Chenghua. Volume for both ears in this, for that rare porcelain furnace for the goods handed down in the no.

The CIZHOU Heiyou tick Huajiu altar

This CIZHOU the tick Heiyou Huajiu altar, 30 centimeters high, 11 cm diameter and 18.8 cm diameter at the end. Small lip, straight neck, shoulder slipped, with a round belly, short Quanzu. Shi Heiyou, enamel layer near the bottom of hypertrophy, with dark brown glaze, the plot flash Chu green glaze. No glaze at the bottom, Taizhi coarse pine, with gravel, was Huihe Se. Under the shoulder and abdomen were four rotating pattern, will be divided into two, abdominal, a middle way decorated Chanzhi tick Hand carved patterns. Intact.
This is the Inner Mongolia region kiln mouth of the products produced. Since the mouth of the Western Xia Dynasty kiln to Kim, fired Cizhou Yao types of porcelain, extensive Hammer, with obvious northern ethnic style.

Chinese national treasures of the 16 bells

16 bells bells for the 80 birthday of Qianlong, with more than 11,000 two gold casting a size 16, to set different thickness of the sound of the bells. Top and bottom are Ping, abdominal diameter slightly larger, 10-minute top-button Interchange, 10 minutes of the two processes Xianwen divided into three decorations, decorated the upper Cheung moire, middle-decorated Youlong theater, filling the gap to the waves And moire, the lower deck circle for eight processes, 1.40 decorated with streaming moire.

Bells size, weight are basically the same, because 10 minutes of different thickness thin, when a percussion different tone. This ancient form of heavy bells, the momentum of the grand, magnificent color, ornamentation of the cast are, but exquisite detail, showing the high level of technology.

China's bells is an ancient musical instruments, as early as the Shang and Zhou period has already appeared, but the bronze bells are made, such as Zenghou Yi tomb unearthed bronze bells is one of the representative works. This set of bells in gold production, unprecedented, the total weight of 460,818 grams, consuming staggering. Qing Dynasty emperors advocating Shemi, at resources, not only has a huge number of gold and silver, and gold and silver and other precious metals to produce large objects become common practice. In addition to this set of bells, when the production of the Qianlong pagoda, 5.33 meters high, weighing 350 kg, weighing equipment is rare. Qing Dynasty palace for both gold and silver on the high number, form large, are less than the previous generation.

16 bells is the emperor of Qing Dynasty held a ceremony for the use of musical instruments. Baiguan have an audience with the emperor at home bells, and other instruments on the Dan Chi, Zhonggu Qi-ming, cymbals phase and, more melodious sound-and the majestic backdrop of a sacred emperor, supreme. Is owned by the Qing Emperor is one of the important ceremony, a very high status. Notes the high and low, is 10 minutes from the Baohou wall consisting of, at the Royal gift, when the emperor身处in court, looking at the sky when smoked smoked but the tone will undoubtedly emperor, a non-Dousheng to no to,独步Heaven and Earth, into a sense of God's Shen Yi.

Western Zhou Dynasty's casual

As early as inscriptions on bronze in the Shang Dynasty had a medium-term, than Oracle's earlier era. However, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, cast in bronze, carved inscriptions was greatly popular culture, Jufan worship, war, reward, and other major events, or even contract, have been on record in the Bronze Age

Powder's disc unearthed in the Kangxi years, Jiaqing years was Jingong Shangjing, Emperor Jiaqing celebrate the birthday as a gift, from a royal collection. - A total of 357 inscriptions on the word, is recorded in the late Western Zhou Dynasty of land leases. Fengxiang Baoji in Shaanxi Province today, scattered around the country, the north-west of the occupied land, the two countries Yihe, Kanding borders, the Gede compensation process and the contract was in the cast, as proof. Powder's disk shape and decoration were all the late Western Zhou Dynasty bronze simple style, text lines Wanzhuan Smart, the Western Zhou Dynasty Jin important is to study the material. Powder's abdomen was decorated Wen Kui, among the first to three relief beast, played on the high Quanzu Shoumian Wen. Inscriptions of words between the words and faint that the text-field line sector, is the typical style of inscriptions late Western Zhou Dynasty

The late Western Zhou Dynasty famous bronze. Also called "people-arrow." Daoguangnianjian the Qing Dynasty unearthed in Shaanxi Baoji-Secretary Guo. Qianlong had hidden in the House. The world known for its lengthy inscriptions.

Powder's high-Quanzu, about Lianger, over-decorated Shi, solemn gorgeous. Cast inscriptions on the disk at the end, a total of 375 characters. Is a very prominent style of work. Calligraphy Hunpu its majestic, pristine character use a pen uninhibited, Dunhou sleek, guitar-Qi Jun sent word in pure, magnificent scene. Jin is a solemn, have cursive of the fluent, open the "grass Zhuan" client.

Dayan's exquisite decoration Yudai

Dayan Yudai decorated with nearly oval-shaped, white jade quality, shiny Wenrun Sau-ying. Loukong positive multi-level mining techniques, showing Dayan wear channeling in Hawthorn Weicong the situation. Back, a central rectangular box, shallow surface relief wishful moire, on both sides of the box containing copper Daikou, for the wearing of leather belt use.

Dayan Yudai decorated with the patterns of the Xianbei, the Nuzhen people's living habits on. According to Liao, Jin historical records, every spring, the emperor were to the bank rate Chenzai "Hai Dong Qing" hunting wild geese and geese, the so-called "Spring Na", Bo-ming from the dark, geese panic flight, the five Square Hai Dong Qing Qing Jin Uighur, the emperor-worship of the award, Uighur escapement geese falling. " Hai Dong Qing, a hawk, mainly in the Nvzhen Ren's hometown ─ Heilongjiang River, the very small size but good at catching wild geese, geese and other large-shaped birds, often forcing the channeling hiding in the lotus leaf, reed of. Liao, Jin's clothing, eagle escapement common to catch the moment for the goose decorative patterns. Gold contained in the history of, "from the Spring of clothes and miscellaneous many Uighur catch geese flower decoration," Therefore, we call this type of decoration theme "Spring."

Still visible to the Yuan Dynasty, "Spring" as a theme costumes. And the Ming Dynasty, because of ethnic differences, "Spring" in the nomadic hunting qualities faded, so often only see wild geese and eagles not the case. This retained the Yuan Dynasty jade ornaments decorated with the oval shape, and style is also close to the Yuan Dynasty: miscellaneous level instead of chaos, lines round the dark and Sleek, but only to stay in the Netherlands Dayan in穿行Lin, and no Uighur Eagle Xunshou the screen, we estimate that it may be produced in a turn of the transition period.

Qia China and the United States of chicken wire enamel days Zun

Qia chicken wire enamel-day high respect for fetal copper 25.8 cm / wide 9.0 cm / up to 21.0 cm / weighing about 3535 g, Antique Bronze Chicken respect form, Fung and the first back "T"-shaped ridge of gold-plated, the remaining light green and Oxfam Blue Man in all kinds of decorative feather pattern, abdominal decorated Shoumian Wen, horn-mouth decorated Chanzhi flowers, and decorated Guaizai Lung, and so changed, both feet squatted on the axle, Wei Yu and the volume within the system of wheels for Lou Block, for - Solemn, glaze clear-lai, is on display for good. According to pink, purplish red glaze, and so on, should be the late 18th century artifacts.

Southern Song Dynasty lotus leaf Gaiguan Qingyou

Southern Song Dynasty Qingyou Gaiguan lotus leaf collection in the Museum of Sichuan Song Ci, straight-to-mouth, Duanjing, round shoulders, Gufu, round feet. Covered central uplift, Beattie button verge for the lotus leaf curl-ups and downs. Hunyuan who is dignified, elegant cover a dynamic, static and dynamic combination of a very beautiful shape. The high-31.3 cm, diameter 23.8%, 16.8 cm foot diameter, thickness from 2 to 2.5 cm. Taizhi delicate white, Taigu thick. Typical plum Qingyou, thick glaze, color Crystal Run, seamless. Gaiguan as the Southern Song Dynasty lotus leaf, but to understand.

Ca Mau luxurious existence Cup

Qianlong of the Ca Mau Cup for the existence of the National Palace Museum artifacts made by the representative of the court. 12.5 cm high, 8 cm diameter, 5 cm high foot, mouth Bian engraved with a paper. - According to "Neiwu Fu Huoji file" records, the Qianlong emperor of the production of this cup very seriously, not only calls within the gold, pearls, precious stones and other precious materials, and Seiko secret agents, has repeatedly amended, until the emperor satisfied. Therefore, the emperor of Qing Dynasty Cup has been regarded as precious ancestral magic weapon.

"Ca Mau" implication of state power, called "Ca Mau existence" is always reflect the consolidation of political power to maintain a desire. It is the annual New Year's Qing Dynasty emperors held a special ceremony at the T glasses. Whenever visible on New Year's Day, the emperor Yang Xindian, "Ca Mau existence Cup" on the long red sandalwood, into the Su Tu wine, the pro-burning candles, filed a brush down to pray for peace in Jiangshan Sajik existence of the Kyrgyz language.

Zhang made of the moire-Diaoqi

Zhang Yuan is Diaoqi everyone, handed down its work was unanimously considered to be in the works Diaoqi treasures. Zhang Cheng, Diaoqi moire was made for representatives of the National Palace Museum lacquer works. High 3.3 cm, diameter 19.2 cm. Fetal-Black lacquer wood, both inside and outside Thai moire. Heap very thick paint, as crystal, engraved workers rounded. Zhang Cheng, Diaoqi from making a moire-tick of the rhinoceros disc know Zhang is not only master-tick, tick rhinoceros skills are superb extreme, Zhang Cheng, Diaoqi moire-made for the study of the Yuan Dynasty tick rhinoceros provide a reliable and attractive examples of .

Tong'an kiln characteristics outlined

In the current Fujian Tongan Xian, Gu Ming. Celadon mainly to burn, and burn Green white porcelain. Tong'an celadon, the Japanese called the "pearl celadon."
Characteristics:
1, a heavy carcass, a child-Hui Huang, gray, yellow powder variety.
2, or glaze qing HUANG Hui Huang, especially the Song Dynasty, glaze Pianhuang.
3, set to products, mainly bowls, bottles, cans, heaters. Tang Dynasty porcelain bowl with thick flat mainly children, no decoration. In the Song Dynasty porcelain platters and bowls, for both the Department of Bi zoned Hand carved ornamentation, for the moment linear decoration, more than a bowl of heart Aoru circle Waterloo, Waterloo, some in the circle designated a flower. Two-furnace, one of敞口, the lower part of relief Lianban Wen, in charge-offs for under foot on the other Zhitong shape, Quanzu, who described Lianban Wen furnace. Under the multi-bottle pack, bottle-zoned Xianwen. Yuan Dynasty celadon-Yin Wen Beas heart and India.
4, Green celadon and white porcelain decoration basically the same, more than a bowl of heart small round Waterloo, bottles and more characterization of the wall by the fine line linear cross-section of the ramp-profile.

Jade knowledge

First, by way of Hetian jade output points, divided into mountain since ancient times on the two production and aquaculture. Of fish known as jade, middle-of-call Baogai. Cai Yu, in accordance with local and Hetian jade output of different circumstances, be divided into Shan Liu, mountain water, sub-three.
Liu Yu-shan and famous, or Yu-Bao Gai told that produced in the mountains of the original ore. Hill is expected the characteristics of large and small block, with angular-shaped, often better-quality jade.
Mountain water is the primary ore caving weathering by water transport to the upper reaches of the river in jade. Its characteristics are the primary ore from the past, block of larger angular slightly Moyuan, a smooth surface.
---Also known as Kodama, refers to the original mine removal to erosion by flowing water in the river jade. Its characteristics are blocks of small, often oval, smooth surface. Because of long-term handling, erosion, separation, so-general of better quality. Classified by different colors
Second, and Hetian jade color can be different: white jade, Qingyu, Moyu, topaz four categories.
White jade color from white to Qingbaikou, diverse; can be divided into green and white jade Bai Yang Zhi. Yang Zhi Bai Yang Zhi for-like, Gu Ming. Delicate texture, "such as the cut-off white fat", in particular Zi Yun Guangrun, a gang of people to see Sophie's feeling, which is white jade son-in the best varieties, the world's only Hotan of Xinjiang have this variety, output is Scarce and extremely expensive. Green white jade in white as the keynote, in white jade green flash in the Yin Yin, flashing blue, gray flash, a white jade green and white jade transitional species, and Hetian jade in the more common.
Topaz from light yellow to Shenhuang Se, characterized from the inside, are yellow, Li Huang, okra yellow, yellow flower, yellow eggs, tiger, such as yellow color, topaz very rare, ancient "Huang Mou steamed pears" for those The best.
Qingyu by Dan Qingse to deep green, the color of many types, abundant reserves, is the history of jade collection or exploitation of the main varieties, the more common.
Mose Moyu from black to light, Mose mostly Yun Wuzhuang, banded, more common in Qingyu, white jade transition; generally have full-Mexican, Mexican-and Mexican points of the points, that is, the entire Mexican "black-lacquer such as" persons Shangpin is very rare. Moyu Most of the smaller pieces, with its black because of its more subtle graphite (carbon) by the scales.
And Tian Meiyu, the first theory, "Yang Zhi." And Tian Meiyu produced in so-called "million-Tsu" in the Kunlun Mountains, known in ancient and modern. Qin Li Si in his "advice Zhu Keling" listed in the four treasures Xi Shi, one of which is of Hetian jade. History last week's ceremony, Qin Yu Yuxi, Chinese jade clothing, the Tang-Lotus, the Song Yu Guanyin, the yuan Alexander Du Yuhai, the other sub-sub-Kong, and other famous jade carving of the raw materials are used and Hetian jade. Existing Leshou Tang of the National Palace Museum in Beijing, "Dayu flood control plans" is also used in Hetian jade, weighing 5,330 kilograms, for the history of our country's largest jade pieces, and the Emperor Qianlong personally Tishi. Ming Li Shizhen said: "middle-of Yiduo just independence to peace in Hetian jade." "Heavenly Creations of", he said: "All those precious jade…… do for Tian." Hetian jade in China and the great The ground leaving a brilliant chapter.
Hotan jade into Tsai Yu-shan and Liu. Yu said the river fishing, "Tsai Yu", high-quality, but production is low; ore mining is called Hill expected, the history books as "to attack Shan Cai Yu", higher yield, quality is uneven. And Hetian jade in particular, mainly middle-earners in the Yulong Kashgar River and Kalakashi River. The two River Shicheng Bai River, Moyu River, is the main origin of Hetian jade. "Xintang Shu" Description: "Yuhe, people moonlight night vision Sheng, Guo Bible." Hetian jade color can be divided into white jade, jasper, Qingyu, Moyu, topaz, blue and white, Hongyu, and so on. One of the most precious white jade is Yang Zhi-yu, condensate such as white fat. The present value of 1 kg Yang Zhi-up to more than 100,000 yuan. If a white jade in the amber of miscellaneous Banhen, higher value. Hill is expected through the jade-mining, mainly middle-county lies in the Kunlun Mountains in the region. And Hetian jade mines are located 5,000 meters above sea level in the Kunlun Mountains snow line, the exploitation period of one year only about four months. Mainly Qingyu and white jade, the finest white jade is not comparable to Tsai-yu.
And Hetian jade world-renown, Hotan jade carving is also world-renown. A unique and Hetian jade, hard texture and delicate, particularly the United States gives to the feelings, have been used for thousands of years of history, renowned at home and abroad. After Hetian jade carvings, pondering, can be made from all kinds of decorations and crafts. The late Tang dynasty Hotan jade carving industry has been. By Boyan of the Yuan Dynasty had to Hotan, in a white jade Buddha, the third year Sichi, such as color Yang Zhi, according to see all the bones and tendons Moge, a tribute that is at the top.
Soft - Second, the soft-geological characteristics of output Tarim Basin in the southern edge of the Kunlun Mountains - Aerjinshan area, from Yecheng to Qiemo, from West to Neusoft-veins Yanmian distribution of a point off more than 1,000 km, of which the Hotan River and Kalakashi, the Yulong Kashgar River nephrite The most famous and "Hetian jade" name widely circulated.
Soft jade produced in the direction of the North West - things - North East arc in the direction of the Kunlun Mountains in the groove fold uplift, the Department of acid rock, rock vein diorite intrusive rocks, quartz diorite, granite and diorite - Ma-like granite, syenite, and the Precambrian metamorphic rock of the dolomite marble, marble dolomitic calcite have contact metamorphism the product of a contact metamorphic rock category.
Dolomite marble, dolomite calcite marble in contact with the process of eradicating corruption, contact metamorphic belt, followed by a pillar of spinel stubborn fire pyroxenite, through pyroxenite, forsterite dolomite marble, dolomite tremolite Marble and soft jade, with the latter part of a soft jade - low-temperature hydrothermal alteration, such as serpentine, water magnesium petrochemical, chlorite, Waterloo petrochemical, silicified, calcite and altered.
Third, the soft-rock and minerals
1, mineral composition
Major minerals: tremolite - Yang from the stone. Secondary minerals: serpentine, ramps tetrahedrite epidote, diopside, chlorite, apatite, graphite, calcite, Xie Shi, chrome spinel, pyrrhotite, calcium chromium garnet, magnetite, Talc, limonite.
2, tremolite Tremolite - from stone-Actinolite parameters
1), story: tremolite from the discovery - Тремолит Valley and named because, from the stone-light comes from the Greek word актес, stone литос, also known as light stone.
2), soft-yu: Department of tremolite Tremolite (Ca2Mg5 [Si2O11] 2 [OH] 2) - from stone-Actinolite (from the iron-stone Ferroactinolite) (Ca2 (Mg, Fe) 5 [Si2O11] 2 [OH] 2 ), Mg-Fe between a fully isomorphism portfolio. According to "Курс Минералогии Госгеолиздат" А. Г. Бетехтин literature, soft-yu (Nephrite, Нефрит, Жад) from tremolite - from stone-composed of a microscopic needle-like crystal, fibrous, or collection of blankets radial - Aggregates, dense, very tough block.
3), physics parameters
Tremolite Color: white, gray. Light: 2-crystal negative character, 2 V = 85-90 ° light of the position: C ∧ Ng = 14 ° -18 ° b ∥ Nm, a ∧ Np = 5 °, dispersion γ <μ weak and the refractive index extended Ng : Ng = 1.625-1.640, Nm = 1.613-1.630, Np = 1.600-1.614, cleavage: (110) fully density: 2.95 g/cm3 Moldova's hardness :6-6.5
From stone - Color: green, light green. Light: 2-crystal negative character, 2 V = 75-88 ° light of the position: C ∧ Ng = 10 ° -20 ° b ∥ Nm, a ∧ Np = 5 °, dispersion γ <μ weak, extended Ng multicolor Of: Np-light green, Nm yellow - Yellow-green, Ng-Green. Refractive index: Ng = 1.641-1.655, Nm = 1.630-1.644, Np = 1.614-1.628, cleavage: (110) fully density :3.1-3 .3 g/cm3 Moldova's hardness :6-6.5
4), chemical parameters
Molecular formula: Ca2Mg5 [SiO2] 2 [OH] 2
Tremolite chemical constituents of the theoretical value (%): SiO2 58.8, MgO 24.6, CaO 13.8, H2O 2.8.
Yang Zhi-chemical composition (%): SiO256.08, TiO2 0.00, Al2O3 0.79, Fe2O3 0.50, FeO 0.78, MnO 0.07, MgO 24.82, CaO 13.23, Na2O 0.21, K2O 0.10, P2O50.03, SO30.16, CO20. 56, blanch loss of 3.02. (Made the Kunlun Mountains)
Bai chemical composition (%): SiO256.15, TiO2 0.08, Al2O3 1.02, Fe2O3 0.62, FeO 0.78, MnO 0.18, MgO 24.08, CaO 13.23, Na2O 0.21, K2O 0.10, P2O50.08, SO30.11, CO21.20, Blanch loss of 3.22. (Made the Kunlun Mountains)
Qingyu chemical composition (%): SiO253.34, TiO2 0.08, Al2O3 3.54, Fe2O3 1.28, FeO 1.84, MnO 0.18, MgO 21.78, CaO 12.73, Na2O 0.23, K2O 0.23, P2O50.08, SO30.11, CO21.20, Blanch loss of 4.02. (Made the Kunlun Mountains)
Bai Qing chemical composition (%): SiO257.60, TiO20.23, Al2O3 0.94, Fe2O3 0.04, FeO 0.85, MnO 0.06, MgO 24.37, CaO 12.62, Na2O 0.20, K2O 0.22, H2O +1.76, SO30.14, CO20. 42, blanch loss of 4.02. (Made the Kunlun Mountains)
Moyu chemical composition (%): SiO254.75, TiO2 0.00, Al2O3 1.34, Fe2O3 0.14, FeO 3.92, MnO 0.04, MgO 24.08, CaO 12.84, Na2O 0.23, K2O 0.10, P2O50.06, SO30.23, CO21.43 , Blanch loss of 1.86. (Made the Kunlun Mountains)
3, and rock-species
1), altered tremolite rock - white jade
Tremolite crystallization of a microscopic fiber changed crystal collection, in more than 99 percent, grain size is generally 0.01 × 0.001mm, are more subtle 0.0001 × 0.001mm, the crystallization of coarse for 0.1 × 0.01mm, a Of up to 0.5 × 1mm. Microscopic structure of blankets, tremolite fibers changed crystal staggered distribution, particle size uniformity, crystal clean, apatite, titanium white-Star point distribution.
Formation of the white color of mineral tremolite is a colorless, white, tremolite in the price of iron content has not yet little decomposition, color Yunhe, some deep changes, the original rock phenomenon.
Note: tremolite in FeO% of 0.78 (the Kunlun Mountains white jade), 0.78 (Bai Yang Zhi Kunlun Mountains), 0.60 (Kunlun Mountains white jade), 0.03 (Anhui).
2), altered from the stone-tremolite rock - Qingyu
Yang Shi from - a microscopic crystal tremolite fibers changed crystal collection, pure content of more than 95 percent, grain size is generally 0.01 × 0.001mm, are more subtle 0.0001 × 0.001mm, some up to 0.5 × 1mm. Often visible calcite and dolomite residual Jing, a microscopic structure blankets, tremolite fibers changed crystal staggered distribution, local self-dolomite show - a half since the deformation crystal embedded inlay structure, formed in the rock re-structure. Secondary changes from the chlorite and Yang Shi, tremolite-like transition, ramp-tetrahedrite screens, apatite, titanium white-Star point distribution.
Green formation of tremolite - from stone-the price of iron content in high-growth component from the stone, not yet decomposed, the color to green - green as the main body, also deep changes in the original rock phenomenon.
Note: from stone-FeO% in the content of 8.97 (Japan), 8.57 (Hubei), 11.77 (Anhui), 30.50 (U.S.love mine).
3), altered from the stone-tremolite rock - Bai Qing
Yang Shi from - tremolite intertwined distribution of mutual transition, a Qing Yu, also a pure focus on local distribution of tremolite, a white jade, rock is altered in a heterogeneous phenomenon, this rock is also very obvious changes in the secondary , Secondary chlorite remnants of calcite, dolomite and the latter part of the ramp tetrahedrite screens petrochemical, through the veins of tremolite.
Green - mainly the formation of the white-stone from - tremolite in the two kinds of mineral components of the uneven distribution of the original rock phenomenon.
4), iron-stained rocks altered tremolite - Topaz
Yang Shi from - a microscopic crystal tremolite fibers changed crystal collection, in more than 99 percent, grain size is generally 0.01 × 0.001mm, the crystallization of coarse for 0.1 × 0.01mm, some up to 0.5 × 1mm . Microscopic structure of blankets, tremolite fibers changed crystal staggered distribution, particle size uniformity, apatite, titanium white-Star point distribution.
Topaz and white jade formation of the transition. The formation of the main yellow tremolite - from stone-the price of iron, for the stability of the decomposition of the yellow iron oxide, long-term due to infiltration, color Yunhe, a rock in the secondary phenomenon.
5), iron-stained rocks altered tremolite - sugar -
Yang Shi from - a microscopic crystal tremolite fibers changed crystal collection, in more than 99 percent, grain size is generally 0.01 × 0.001mm, the crystallization of coarse for 0.1 × 0.01mm, some up to 0.5 × 1mm . Microscopic structure of blankets, tremolite - tremolite fibers changed crystal staggered distribution, particle size uniformity, apatite, titanium white-Star point distribution.
And sugar-white jade, Qingyu, a white jade green transition. Reddish-brown the formation of the major foreign iron oxide, long-term infiltration caused by tremolite - from stone-iron in the price of decomposition is also one of the factors, local color Yunhe, some deep changes, changes in the secondary rock Phenomenon.
6), alteration of the graphite-tremolite rock from the stone - black -
Yang Shi from - a microscopic crystal tremolite fibers changed crystal collection, pure content of more than 90 percent, grain size is generally 0.01 × 0.001mm, are more subtle 0.0001 × 0.001mm, some up to 0.5 × 1mm. Microscopic structure of blankets, tremolite fibers change staggered distribution of crystal, graphite-like particles into the distribution of tremolite - from stone-between in 5-20%. Secondary changes in the chlorite and tremolite - from stone-transition-like, oblique tetrahedrite epidote, apatite, titanium white-Star point distribution.
The formation of black metamorphic main contact during the formation of the graphite color, color, the depth and content of the graphite, an alteration of rocks.
7), altered from the stone-tremolite rock - flower -
Yang Shi from - tremolite intertwined distribution of mutual transition, forming Qingyu color, white jade colored, sugar Yuse, Topaz of the hybrid, the rock is altered in a heterogeneous phenomenon, this rock is also very obvious changes in the secondary , Secondary chlorite remnants of calcite, dolomite and the latter part of the ramp tetrahedrite screens petrochemical, through the veins of tremolite.
Green - mainly the formation of the white-stone from - tremolite in the two kinds of mineral components of the uneven distribution of the original rock phenomenon.
4. Nephrite jade of the civil
Nephrite jade species to the civil color image described named.
1, Baiyu White jade color image of the traditional Yang Zhi described as white, Xiangya Bai, Ewha white, Yu Dubai, white rice, white porcelain, bone white fish. The color of jade, were named as Yang Zhi of white jade, Xiangya Bai Yu, Ewha Bai, Yu Dubai-yu, glutinous white jade, porcelain white jade, bone white jade fish, chicken bone white jade. 2, Qingyu Qingyu traditional color of the image described as blue, green. - Species by color, quality and named as Qingyu, Lvyu. 3, Bai Qing White jade green color described as the traditional image of Qingbaikouan, green white. The color of jade, were named as quality white jade green, green, white jade. 4, topaz Topaz color described as the traditional image of yellow pears, Li Huang, of La Huang, small beige, egg yolks, Kwai Huang, Huang Ju. The color of jade, were named as quality pears topaz, Li Huang, Lahuang of jade, topaz millet, egg yolk-yu, Kwai Topaz, Huang Yu-ju. 5, sugar - Sugar-color image of the traditional described as brown sugar, brown sugar. The color of jade, were named as quality-brown sugar, brown sugar-yu. 6, Moyu Sugar-color image of the traditional described as dark clouds films, short-Mexican, American Bin, the inspectors have to, the dark. The color of jade, were named as dark clouds of Moyu film, short-Moyu Mexico, the Americans Mo Yu Bin, the inspectors must Moyu, dark Moyu. 7, Yu Hua Sugar-color image of the traditional described as Huaban, tiger, panthers. The color of jade, were named as Huaban quality jade, tiger-yu, panthers-yu
5, Yu Liu Category
1, Liu Shan Acquisition in the original soft jade mines, general distribution in the veins above the snow, all kinds of jade are expected, Yang Zhi-only part of output, pulse-edge part of a gradual transition to marble. 2, Liu Shan water From the original soft jade ore body near the valley, some ice moraine, the residual slope moraine, floods Tuen moraine, breccia-like shape, blocks of different sizes. 3, Aberdeen materials Formed in the river in the gravel deposit. Since geological structure, weathering, the role of handling the impact of original soft-disintegration of broken ore, water, ice, wind shift, in the role of water erosion under Hunyuan of abrasion, the soft part of Moqu, leaving tenacity Part of jade-like pebbles into sleek, gravel and coexistence, in the river floodplain and distribution of ancient terraces in the river bed. Tsai Yu Yang Zhi compound to the most valuable.
6, China's soft - China's soft-still-Jinshan, the Qinghai-yu, Xiuyan Yu, Yu-Liyang, Tianshan-yu, Lan Tianyu, Yi Chun-yu.
1, Yu Jinshan Origin: Xinjiang Aerjinshan. Occurrence: - acid magmatic rocks and dolomite marble contact metamorphism product. Chemical composition (%) SiO2 54.65, TiO2 0.07, Al2O3 1.06, Fe2O3 1.49, FeO 8.08, MnO 0.56, MgO 19.36, CaO 11.76, Cr2O3 0.46, P2O5 0.012, SO3 0.11, CO2 2.78, CoO 0.014, Na2O 0.01, K2O 0.01, Blanch loss of 2.22. (Made Aerjinshan) colors: green, dark green. Mineral composition: tremolite - Yang from the stone, calcium chromium garnet, chrome spinel, dolomite, serpentine, chlorite, limonite. Structure of: fiber change crystal structure, blankets structure. 2, the Qinghai - Origin: Golmud in Qinghai. Occurrence: basic rocks - ultrabasic rocks and dolomite marble contact metamorphism product. Color: white, Rubai, light green, green and brown. Mineral composition: tremolite - Yang from the stone, dolomite, serpentine, chlorite, limonite. Structure of: fiber change crystal structure, blankets structure, since the half-tablets containing embedded in the structure, residual crystal structure. 3, Xiuyan Yu (tremolite) white, blue, huangbai, green, Honghe and black. Origin: Xiuyan of Liaoning partial Lingxiang drizzle ditch. Occurrence: Originated in ancient profession yuan Liaohe group Dashiqiao dolomite marble in the group. Chemical composition SiO2 59.21, TiO20.00, Al2O3 0.42, Cr2O3 0.00, FeO 0.00, MnO 0.00, MgO 23.72, CaO 13.99, Na2O 0.04, K2O 0.03. (Qingyu) SiO2 57.55, TiO2 0.00, Al2O3 0.65, Cr2O3 0.00, FeO 1.07, MnO 0.06, MgO 26.18, CaO 12.33, Na2O 0.11, K2O 0.04. (Moyu) SiO2 58.89, TiO20.00, Al2O3 0.59, Cr2O3 0.00, FeO 0.51, MnO 0.07, MgO 23.91, CaO 13.15, Na2O 0.00, K2O 0.04. (Sugar-yu) Color: white, green, blue, yellow, brown, black. Mineral composition: tremolite - Yang from the stone, serpentine, talc, chlorite, dolomite, calcite, limonite. Structure of: fiber change crystal structure, blankets structure, disseminated structure. 4, Yu-Liyang Origin: Jiangsu Liyang. Occurrence: Yanshan Temple West Late Paleozoic granite and marble dolomite contact metamorphic belt. Chemical composition% SiO2 59.13, TiO20.01, Al2O3 0.30, Cr 2O3 0.00, FeO 0.20, MnO 0.01, MgO 24.45, CaO 13.12, Na2O 0.28, K2O 0.16. (Qingyu) SiO2 58.20, TiO2 0.01, Al2O3 0.23, Cr2O3 0.00, FeO 0.24, MnO 0.03, MgO 25.00, CaO 13.20, Na2O 0.27, K2O 0.11. (Bai Qing) Color: white, blue, Qingbaikou, Green. Mineral composition: tremolite - Yang from the stone, serpentine, dolomite, limonite. Structure of: fiber change crystal structure, blankets structure. 5, Tianshan-yu (jasper) Origin: Xinjiang's Tianshan Mountains. Occurrence: in the middle of the ultra-rock (oblique Gan Hui Hui Yan, peridotite, pyroxenite) with the capture of rock or ultra-basic rock and rock (dolomite marble) contact with metamorphic belt product. Chemical composition% SiO2 57.00, TiO2 0.018, Al2O3 0.67, FeO 2.85, Fe2O3 1.48, MnO 0.07, MgO 22.33, CaO 12.68, Na2O 0.00, K2O 0.08, NiO 0.16. (Tianshan) colors: green, green, dark green. Mineral composition: tremolite - Yang from the stone, serpentine, dolomite, chrome spinel, chlorite, brown iron ore, nickel-and pyrrhotite, calcium garnet chromium, titanium white stone. Structure of: fiber change crystal structure, blankets structure.
7, soft-evaluation of the quality factor
Soft jade ornaments from the quality evaluation identified five factors, texture, color, luster, block, jade materials with the following description of the request for Jiapin. 1, texture: Tight delicate, micro-transparent - translucent, non-cotton Liu, better than no impurities. 2, Color: pure, uniform, white is better. 3, shiny: You Run, oil sheen better. 4, block: the better. 5, Yu Liu: Aberdeen better than expected.

Fine jade appreciate - Central Valley re-profiling Yubi

Spring and Autumn medium to the Western Han Dynasty jade is the development of the second period of prosperity. With the disintegration of slavery, feudalism and establish the production's progress, meet real needs of the community, all kinds of new varieties of jade constantly created. Yu-li-decorated alternative to mainstream, from Yubi, Yuhuan, dragon Yu Pei, Yu Wei, Yu Pei-She, and other common portfolio into a new popular Yu Pei, Yudai hook and sword on the prevalence of jade ornaments, etc.. Houzang in the wind under the influence of the upper nobility of the use of mass-scale than before. Spring and Autumn the main patterns, in a variety of Longwen or type of pattern-based, Zhuo the Qiqiao Linglong, Qiu make physical inside, the pursuit of exquisite strongly gorgeous effect. Western Han Dynasty jade gradually shift patterns and simplifies vivid image of animals, the other also-profile pop, Wen Po-shaped geometric patterns and so on.

Bi, first appeared in prehistoric times. To the wider use of the Warring States period, Yubi, in addition to the ceremony-but also for decoration and funerary. This bi-ring inside and outside two laps, full-profile, Gu Wen is the Warring States the most popular patterns, the edge of holes can wear suspension.

Long Wen Qing Yu-yun furnace

Long Wen Qing Yu-yun furnace for the National Palace Museum jade works of one of the representatives. Song products, high-7.9 cm, diameter 12.8 cm. Furnace Qingyu quality. Tongti "the word" profile for the end of the decorated Youlong, Xiangyun and sea water profiling. Incised with the end of the Qianlong Seven Shiyi Shou: "Dr Chan in the temple for the day, carved dragon for the four Hall of Hope. MAO Bo Xing Zhou Hou different system, may wish to Zuding father Kuei-shaped. Du Yun still read Songhai, the Xi from the salary C event bite Tuqiyangzhi Xu changes, only drag the Green YU Yun-water desalination. "At the end of the" Qianlong 1898 Mengqiu Royal title. "

Five Song Dynasty porcelain Mingyao

Five Song Dynasty porcelain Ming Yao:

Jun chinaware kiln in this City, Henan Province, Yu-dong, the city's gossip. Junyao Li with iron, copper color of the different characteristics of burning out of the blue with red, purpura, or pure azure, such as pure Yuebai glaze to the green opal luster as the keynote, with opaque and opaque effect. Jun chinaware another characteristic is glazed on a regular irregular flows like the thin, saying "take earthworms mud profiling." Junyao porcelain were heard the world, its success lies in the glaze by adding copper metal, high temperatures generated Yaobian so that the glaze to green, blue, white-based, both Mei Guizi, Begonia red, colorful, the United States such as Zhao sunset, Hailed as the "National Treasure", in the Song dynasty on a "gold price-kwan, a priceless", "even in Jiacaiwanguan Jun chinaware as a" reputation.

Ru Porcelain kiln in Baofeng Xian Qing Liangsi this Henan Province, Song Si is Ruzhou, Gu Ming. Ru porcelain to burn Qingyou known for its many artifacts imitation jade and bronze form, mainly to respect Ji, Yu Hu Chun-bottles, gall-bottles, bottles and washing. Fine if the carcass clean-gray, and more support for Guozu burned, small objects left at the bottom of the nail-marks. Glaze mainly Azure, Sky Blue, Danfen, powder blue, Yuebai, and Yingrun thin glaze, glaze bubbles large and sparse, "Liaoruochenxing" said. Glazed with a small profile films, called "Xie Zhao Wen." Ru porcelain burning palace with the time only around 20, about Zhezong Yuanyou in the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1086) to Huizongchongning five years (1106), is handed down for very little, be seen as the Xi Shi-Zhen.

Official porcelain GUANYAO a distinction between North and South, to porcelain produced Qingyou known for the world. A major-type bottles, respect, washing, plates, bowls, but also imitation week, the Han period bronze tripod, stoves, GU, Yi, and other patterns, often with objects modeling Yongrong elegant style palace. Its burning the selection of raw materials and ceramic glaze is also very particular about the deployment, used by the high iron content of porcelain clay, the pan-Heizi Taigu color. Kouyan for the site because of the glaze down stream, in thin Youxia exposed Zi Heise, commonly known as "purple mouth," another child at the end of full disclosure, the "iron foot." Song GUANYAO thick glaze of porcelain decoration rarely imposed, mainly to glaze for decoration, common Azure, powder blue, beige, putties and other colors. Hypertrophy of the general glaze, glazed and more films have opened, such a film with the same period Geyao were very different, generally speaking, GUANYAO thick glaze to a large piece of ice cracks, glaze a small, thin films, Geyao Grinding and while most of the Yuzi profile Kyo.

The Northern Song Dynasty porcelain famous Ciyao. Kiln Quyang in Hebei magnetic Jian village. Before firing in the late Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties, Shing burning in the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin, Yuan Dynasty gradually fading. Dingyao to the Northern Song Dynasty Shaozao mainly white glaze porcelain, decorative methods are zoned flowers, Hand carved, such as printing and Niesu. Decoration to a lotus, peony, Hemerocallis fulva for common, simple vivid images. Dingyao addition to burning white glaze, and also burned Heiyou, Lvyou glaze and sauce. Modeling to set up bowls, followed by Mei bottles, pillows, boxes, and so on. In common with carved at the end of "Feng-hua", "-show", "Cifu," "official". Platters and bowls for follow-burning, and because I have Mans glaze down and the formation of Leihen characteristics.

Columbia porcelain talking about here is handed down Geyao the Geyao porcelain. Their children have colored black, dark grey, Qian Hui and Tu Huang variety, the glaze are missing through the opaque glaze, glaze mainly to the Green Ash. Common objects have heaters, bottles, bowls, plates, washing, heterogeneity and fine, fine work, all porcelain palace with the pattern, with widely divergent Minyao porcelain.

Silver gilt gold enamel inlay Yan-box

Silver gilt gold enamel inlay Yan-box, long 27.2 cm, width 22.1 cm, high 22.5 cm.

Boxes of silver, rectangular, covered, under wishful small foot 8, at the bottom of the Central Zanzhuan Shu "Qianlong in the Qing",六字. Tong Tizan gold gilt flowers and decorative inlay Shaolan. Zan-lid carved Chanzhi flowers, the film containing a Yinyuan, on the show to Shaolan Yunlong-profile decoration. Zan are engraved with Long Wen Kui, the median walls are decorated with embedded Shaolan, covered with patterns of Shaolan the same.

The gilt silver inlay enamel boxes Yan Yan-box work very refined, home of a rectangular box in the silver drawer, the drawer on the two side Yanchi. Wall on either side of the box relatively Yinyuan-Shaolan decoration, even within a semicircular drawer, pulled out spindles can be stored in the drawer, Mexico.

Liangzhu "Wang Chung-yu"

David Liangzhu unearthed "Wang Chung-yu" production in the Neolithic Age. Radio Drive 8.8 cm high 17.1 - 17.6 cm diameter 4.9 cm. Yellow-white, red blemish grouper rules. For the short-Chengbian the cylinder, which won the foreign, from top to bottom end of a round face for radio, in the drill hole, overlooking such as Yubi shape. Cong in the middle from all sides about five centimeters wide, straight into the slot from the horizontal shafts into four. This Yu-Tsung Chang, weighing 6,500 grams, physical wide huge, unique Fanru decoration for the Liangzhu culture of the first-Cong,Wang Cong. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Explanation" Note: "Cong, Rui Yu, the Bacun cars Cut the shape of the word of the word." This is the earliest naming Cong. According to "Zhou" records, "Chang Choi, officiating days, and Huang Tsung-li."

Cong is a method used to worship God for the ceremony. Look at the Yu-Tsung Liangzhu culture, the circular shape of its foreign, for the middle hole. The experts speculated that it may be the original inhabitants "Tianyuandefang" the embodiment of the universe, the symbol of that, with a round symbol of days, with a radius of Cong, is the symbol throughout the world. At the time, whenever the harvest or Etiquette, they held a grand sacrificial ceremony, the Liangzhu ancestors used it to communicate with heaven and earth gods. Therefore, the Liangzhu jade cong is used by the religious Faqi. Yuhang County of Zhejiang Province in 1986 against Hill on the 12th tomb unearthed, unearthed, and placed in the anti-Ping Zheng Shan No. 12 tomb Tomb of the Commissioner of the bottom left is a sacred ceremony for a lofty Yuzhi. Yu-Tsung of this production, highly skilled, can be said to Shengongguifu, Liangzhu culture jade is a gem. Zhejiang Province is now in the possession of the Institute of Archaeology.

Fan Kuan "Xishan Gorges"

Fan Kuan, the Northern Song Dynasty, the original (now Yao Xian in Shaanxi), or the Commissioner for Human. Birth and Death, unknown, but that day Saint (1023-1032) is still years. Neutral word, a Chiang Kai-shek, the word Zhongli. Temperament wide relief, people called the "Fan Kuan." "Huapu and declared" this is on his: "Qiao ancient wind instrument, into the wild only infrequent, and alcohol, Lapo informal sophisticated." So Kuangfangbuji's personality, he also contributed to the beginning of Lee, the sentiment "I was with the division one, if not all of the division also. I was with the division of, if not the division all heart." Then moved fastest and easiest (Qinling peak), Tai-hua (Mountain), Wei sit all day, mime and God met, so the people of the world Jie Chen Fan Kuan "good and vivid landscapes." The so-called "all divisions", which means that the Tang Dynasty painter Zhang impatient of the "division of good fortune, in the heart of the source", aimed at the pursuit of a personal nature and the physical and psychological integration into the muddy ideal state. Xia Bi-hung paintings of its strong, deep Mose, Gao Jun wins mountain range, threatening momentum, with strong artistic influence. Hill Mohei heavy volume, Huang Binhong cloud "as the night-line", which Dawu wonders with Mexico. Future generations will be Fan Kuan and Li Cheng, Commissioner of the Northern Song Dynasty with three landscapes and called home.

"Xishan Gorges" Juanben light colors, 206.5 cm vertical, horizontal 103.3 cm. Of the "Xishan Gorges" Huazhou ago, the only pressure that big mountain top, overbearing, people seem to feel. "Xishan Gorges" the upper two-thirds of the screen is full of a mountain to T Nongmo rough outline the contours of rocks, and then to a solid center, according to Shi Wen repeated increases its unique point Cun Cun ( "watercress Cun "," rained Cun, "" Sesame Cun "," scraping iron Cun "to say), then layers of the cage with Mose, rocks hard texture especially strong. However, in the right side of the Mid-Levels of Danfeng, a Chingchuankang After Pan Huan, a crash直下, while Yuzu, divided into two Liu Jian Luo abyss. This overhanging waterfall, shots very meaningful, not only deepened the "lofty" potential, the strong mountain Baoyun a soft dynamic, hence, the mountains as if life. "Xishan Gorges," the lower part of the fine to describe the boulder hills, streams Chan Yuan, lush old trees, pavilions Yinxian, a rugged mountain road across the meantime, the trip to a team of travelers, four mule set of difficult and arduous journey. Than to the magnificent mountains, people seem so insignificant, but was hastily passing through. "Xishan Gorges" typical of this panoramic landscapes of the North's "lofty" composition, and Lee has used the "Yuan-ping," a different composition, it seems more accepted the Jinghao impact. Fan Kuan and the unique character of artistic expression, and also contributed to a painting of the ancient monument. Although the descendants of many of Fan Kuan, but the total of its composition is not as it is pressing the majestic mountain, the total of its Cunfa stone tough as it is not heavy, it difficult to form schools. Zhao Yue advocating "short Mexican light-lan," Dong Qichang can not seem to agree with this painting, but Dong was still its artistic appeal by the tough wins, praise for the "Song art first." And the more modern painter Xu Beihong is "Xishan Gorges" sophisticated, he thought "all the treasures of China, the National Palace Museum is second, Wusuo the dumping, while Fan neutral" Xishan Gorges. "Majestic , Ko Ko Chen Xiong, easy-production of a million people. "

"Xishan Gorges" has spread Ogata, identified as Fan Kuan's no doubt authentic, but 900 years, people have to be found on the map or Song of her regret for the chop. Until the autumn of 1958 the National Palace Museum in Taipei's Lin Li-can tell a researcher in the "Xishan Gorges" Leaves of Grass in the shade of a tree and found the lower right, "Fan Kuan," the word, this sweep aside fog.

Riverside Scene of Pure Brightness

"Riverside Scene of Pure Brightness," Zhang Zeduan of the Northern Song works for the Chinese national treasures.

"Riverside Scene of Pure Brightness," vertical 24.8 cm, Wang 528.7 cm, Juan Ben, Mobi slightly colored, no, it was after the generation of volumes of Tiba, was known by Zhang Zeduan, the possession of the National Palace Museum. Works depict the Chinese Lunar New Year when the Ching Ming and the Northern Song Dynasty capital of Bianliang Bianhe cross-strait prosperity, the donkey team Tuo, palanquin by the ranks of the long journey of Streams; Bianhe the huge Caochuan, or berthing and unloading, or contacts in the river , Across the river on the Hongqiao, crowded pedestrian bridge, the river bridge Caochuan-mast, the plot tension; urban Chenglou towering, vertical and horizontal streets, row upon row shops, pedestrian Mojianjiezhong, steady stream, in Chafang, Jiusi, foot shop, Roupu, Temples, public Xie, etc. making the trip, painting in various industries, everything all walks of life who,堪称an urban social and economic life of the Northern Song Dynasty depicted the custom picture. Realist approach works, depicting the small, housing, Zhouchuan, bridges and so on a ratio of the real accurate. The author portrays the form of "casual point Perspective" will be complicated chaotic scenes of the city, Tongshe in volume, so long rather than redundant, complex and not arbitrary, reflecting the author of an extremely high artistic standard.